COMPUTER ENGLISH NOTE PART - C

BASIC COMPUTER SCIENCE

 101. What is Cache Memory?

Answer: Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.

 102. What is Microsoft Access?

Answer: Microsoft Access is a type of database software that is used to store information for reporting, referencing and analysis. With Microsoft Access, you can analyze large amounts of data faster and more efficiently than with Excel or other types of spreadsheets.

 103. What are the components of MS Access?

Answer: MS Access is a relational database that can store, manage and retrieve data. It has six major components:

1.   Tables: Table are where you store your data in rows and columns. Each table has a name and a set of fields that define the type and format of the data.

2.   Relationships: Relationships are the connections between tables that define how they are related to each other. You can create one-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-many relationships depending on your data model.

3.  Queries: Queries are requests for information from your database. You can use queries to filter, sort, calculate, update or delete data based on certain criteria.

4. Forms: Forms are user interfaces that allow you to view, add or edit data in tables. You can design forms with different layouts, controls and features to suit your needs.

5. Reports: Reports are documents that display or print data from your database in a specific format. You can use reports to summarize, analyze or present your data in various ways.

6.   Macros: Macros are sequences of actions that automate certain tasks in your database. You can use macros to open forms, run queries, change values or perform other operations.

104. What is SPSS?

Answer: The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is a software package used in statistical analysis of data. It was developed by SPSS Inc. and acquired by IBM in 2009. In 2014, the software was officially renamed IBM SPSS Statistics. The software was originally meant for the social sciences, but has become popular in other fields such as health sciences and especially in marketing, market research and data mining.

 105.  What is Advantages of using SPSS?

Answer: One of the advantages of SPSS is that students can import data from other sources, when data is organized as a database, including Excel. Importing an Excel spreadsheet to SPSS for the data analysis is a fairly simple process, requiring some preparation and a few basic steps.

106. The inventor of the World Wide Web?

Answer: Tim Berners-Lee -> The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. It was called World Wide Web and was later renamed Nexus.)

 107. Write short notes on first web based e-mail service?

Answer:  Hot mail, Sabeer Bhatia of India and Jack Smith founded the first free web-based email service, Hotmail, in 1995. Hotmail was commercially launched in 4 July 1996 as "HoTMaiL" on American Independence Day. So why the name HoTMaiL.

 108. What is computer network?

Answer: A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share information and resources.

 109.  Who is the inventor of the following devices?

Answer:  Inventors of Computer Hardware 

(1) Key board                -     Herman Hollerith, first keypunch device in 1930’s

(2) Transistor                 -     John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley (1947 - 1948)

(3) RAM                        -     An Wang and Jay Forrester (1951)

(4) Trackball                  -     Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff (1952)

(5) Hard Disk                -     IBM , The IBM Model 350 Disk File (1956 )

(6) Integrated Circuit    -      Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce (1958)

(7) Computer Mouse    -     Douglas Engelbart (1964)

(8) Laser printer            -     Gary Stark weather at XEROX in (1969)

(9) Floppy Disk            -     Alan Shugart & IBM( 1970)

(10) Microprocessor     -     Faggin, Hoff&Mazor – Intel 4004

110. Write down the Characteristics of a Computer Network.

Answer:  A computer network is a system of interconnected devices that can communicate and share data with each other. Some of the characteristics of a computer network are:

• Sharing resources:  A computer network allows users to access and use resources from other computers on the network, such as files, printers, scanners, etc.
• Performance: A computer network’s performance depends on factors such as the speed of data transmission, the number of users, the type and quality of the network connection, and the software used.
• Reliability:- A computer network’s reliability refers to its availability and consistency. A reliable network is always ready for use and can handle failures or errors without affecting the users.
• Security - A computer network’s security refers to its ability to prevent unauthorized access, misuse, or modification of data and resources. A secure network uses encryption, authentication, firewalls, and other methods to protect the network from threats.

These are some of the basic characteristics of a computer network. If you want to learn more about computer networks, you can click on any of the references below or ask me another question.

 

111. What are the options of Windows shutdown?

Answer: The Windows Shut down Menu provides several options for stopping your computer. Understanding what each of them do will help you to choose the best option.

Switch User: You remain logged in to the computer and your programs continue to be open, but choosing this option allows another user to access the computer.

Log Off: You can end your Windows session, save your stuff, and quit programs, but Windows remains on and ready for other people to use the computer.

Lock: Not a complete logout, this option helps you protect your stuff by displaying the Windows logon screen. You must type your password or log in as another user to get into the computer. (Obviously, this option works best when all accounts are password protected.

Restart: The computer is shut down and then started again when this option is chosen from the Shut Down menu. It’s also called a reset or, if you want to get nerdy, a warm boot.

Sleep: The computer is put into a low-power consumption mode, saving energy. Also known as Stand By, this mode may put the entire computer, or only the monitor or hard drives, into low-power mode. In this power-saving mode, the computer comes back to life quickly, usually with the press of a key or jiggle of the mouse.

Hibernate: Choosing this option, the best power-saving mode, shuts down the computer and turns it off. But information in memory is saved so that when the computer turns on again, you simply resume your former activities (after logging in, of course). Hibernation saves the most power, but it takes longer to restart the computer than either Sleep or Standby mode, because you’re literally turning it on again.

Shut Down or Turn Off:  When this option is selected, the computer is shut down: You’re logged out of your account, which closes your programs and allows you to save your data. Windows then shuts itself down, and eventually the computer turns itself off.

The Switch User, Log Off, Lock, and Sleep options don’t turn off the computer. The Restart, Hibernate, and Shut Down options do turn off the system.

 112. What is Linux?

Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. Its functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.

 Components of Linux System

Linux Operating System has primarily three components:

* Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this operating system. It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware details to system or application programs.

* System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs using which application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries implement most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not requires kernel module's code access rights.

* System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual level tasks.

 113. What is memory management?

Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer memory, assigning portions called blocks to various running programs to optimize overall system performance. Memory management resides in hardware, in the OS (operating system), and in programs and applications.

In hardware, memory management involves components that physically store data, such as RAM (random access memory) chips, memory caches, and flash-based SSDs (solid-state drives). In the OS, memory management involves the allocation (and constant reallocation) of specific memory blocks to individual programs as user demands change. At the application level, memory management ensures the availability of adequate memory for the objects and data structures of each running program at all times. Application memory management combines two related tasks, known as allocation and recycling.

• When the program requests a block of memory, a part of the memory manager called the allocator assigns that block to the program.
• When a program no longer needs the data in previously allocated memory blocks, those blocks become available for reassignment. This task can be done manually (by the programmer) or automatically (by the memory manager).

 114. What is Information Storage?

Definition: Information storage is the part of the accounting system that keeps data accessible to the information processors. In other words, an accounting system’s information storage unit is either a hard drive or server that usually contains a database.

 115. What is information processing in computer?

Information processing is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. As such, it is a process that describes everything that happens (changes) in the universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in position) to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system.

 116. What Is Information Processing?

When you look at your computer, do you think of your brain? It might sound like a strange idea, but it's pretty much the connection psychologists have drawn in the development of the information processing theory. With the momentum of technology in the past few decades, there have been comparisons made between the way a computer operates and the way our mind does. Just as a computer receives, stores and brings up information, so do our minds as we live day by day. As the theory outlines, there are four steps in processing and handling events from our surroundings: attending, encoding, storing and retrieving.

 117. What Is Information transmission?

Information transmission is the exchange of information from the sender to the receiver in any form, i.e through voice, data, text and image over any kind of media, hand written medium, etc.

There are two methods of information transmission namely: (i) Ancient methods of information transmission (ii) Modern methods of transmitting information.

 118. What do you mean by information transmission?

In telecommunications, information transfer is the process of moving messages containing user information from a source to a sink via a communication channel. In this sense, information transfer is equivalent to data transmission which highlights more practical, technical aspects.

119. What is Number system? Write the classification of number system with base.

Or What are the number systems in Computer? (Jan, July-2017) 

Answer: Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the computer system architecture, every value that you are saving or getting into/from computer memory has a defined number system.

Computer architecture supports following number systems.

• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Decimal number system
• Hexadecimal (hex) number system

1) Binary Number System: A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number (value) represents with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary number system is 2, because it has only two digits.

2) Octal number system: Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number system is 8, because it has only 8 digits.

3) Decimal number system: Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal number system is 10, because it has only 10 digits.

4) Hexadecimal number system: A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16 alphanumeric values. Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.

Table of the Numbers Systems with Base, Used Digits, Representation, C language representation:

Number system	Base	Used digits	Example	C Language assignment
Binary	2	0,1	(11110000)2	int val=0b11110000;
Octal	8	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7	(360)8	int val=0360;
Decimal	10	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9	(240)10	int val=240;
Hexadecimal	16	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A,B,C,D,E,F	(F0)16	int val=0xF0;

 120. Write down the basic function of Computer?

Answer:  The basic function of a computer is to process and manipulate data in order to perform various tasks. Computers are programmable machines that can execute instructions and carry out complex calculations at high speeds. The basic functions of a computer include:

1.      Data Input 

2.      Data Processing

3.      Data Storage

4.      Data Output:

5.      Software Execution:

6.      Communication

7.      Problem Solving

8.      Automation

9.      Entertainment and Multimedia

10.  Control Systems

These are the fundamental functions of a computer, and they can be applied across a wide range of fields and industries, contributing to advancements in science, technology, business, education, communication, and many other domains.

121. Write down the differences between desktop and laptop computer.

Answer: Difference between Desktop and Laptop-

           DESKTOP

1.      Connected externally to devices that help it to function completely

2.      Powered via mains through connected sockets

3.      Size is huge and heavy

4.      There are multiple internal hard disks

5.      Fixed in one place

6.      External keyboard and mouse is connected

7.      Processor is more powerful

8.      Easily removable external components for desktop

9.      More number of ports for desktops

10.  High Storage. Large amounts of data can easily be stored, and more space can be added if required

           LAPTOP

1.      All-in-one system

2.      Uses batteries or AC Power that can be recharged, operates on main power as well

3.      Small size

4.      Internal hard disks are limited

5.      Portable

6.      Have internal mouse and keyboard, but is also compatible with external keyboard and mouse

7.      Processor for Gaming Laptops are pretty powerful, others not so much

8.      Components of laptop are in-built and so cannot be removed as easily

9.      Number of ports are less in laptops

10.  Low storage. Also, back up is recommended for data on laptops, due to data loss by theft, destruction of device and so on

122. Write down difference between system software and application software.

Answer: The important differences between system software and application software are:

System Software	Application Software
System Software is the type of software which is the interface between application software and system.	Application Software is the type of software which runs as per user request. It runs on the platform which is providing by system software.
System software is mainly designed for managing system resources.	Application software are designed to accomplish tasks for specific purposes.
System software is used for operating computer hardware.	Application software is used by user to perform specific task.
Programming of system software is complex.	Programming of application software is comparatively easy
A computer cannot run without system software.	A computer can easily run without application software.
System software is installed on the computer when operating system is installed.	Application software are installed according to user’s requirements.
System software does not depend on application software.	Application software depends on system software and cannot run without system software.

123. Write the application of computer in medical sector.

Answer: Computer applications are very important in medical fields such as:

ü  Medical History of Patients Records

ü  Better Patient Care

ü   Medical Imaging Technology

ü   Life Support System

ü  Secure and Organized Data

ü  Medical-Surgical Procedures

ü   Assist Offsite Patient Care

ü   Patient Monitoring System

ü  Digital Health Requires Digital Communication

ü  Spectroscopy

ü  Medical Researches

ü  Telemedicine

ü  Corporate Medical Side

ü  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

ü  Electronic Medical Records (EMR)

ü  Medical Imaging

ü  Telemedicine

ü  Medical Education 

124. Write down difference between primary memory and secondary memory.

 Answer: Difference between primary memory and secondary memory:

Primary Memory	Secondary Memory
These memories are also called internal memory.	Secondary memory is known as a Backup memory or Additional memory or Auxiliary memory.
Primary memory can be accessed by the data bus.	Secondary memory is accessed by I/O channels.
Primary memory is costlier than secondary memory.	Secondary memory is cheaper than primary memory.
Primary memory is temporary.	Secondary memory is permanent.
Primary memory is directly accessible by Processor/CPU.	Secondary memory is not directly accessible by the CPU.
Primary memory devices are more expensive than secondary storage devices.	Secondary memory devices are less expensive when compared to primary memory devices.
Nature of Parts of Primary memory varies RAM- volatile in nature. ROM- Non-volatile.	It’s always Non-volatile in nature.
Primary memory is also known as Main memory or Internal memory.	Secondary memory is also known as External memory or Auxiliary memory.
The memory devices used for primary memory are semiconductor memories.	The secondary memory devices are magnetic and optical memories.
Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache memory, PROM, EPROM, Registers, etc.	Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tapes, etc.

125. Write short notes on “PowerPoint”

Answer: Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software application that allows users to create professional and easy-to-use presentation graphics software program, high-impact, dynamic presentations. The building blocks of a PowerPoint presentation are slides. Slides help to focus on visuals as well along with the user. PowerPoint presentations can be used for personal and professional purposes. It is included in the Microsoft Office suite.

126. Write down the difference between data and information.

Answer: Q. Write down the difference between data and information.

What is Data?

Data is a collection of raw facts and figures that can be processed by any computing machine to produce a meaningful result. Therefore, data makes the basis of a process. In other words, data can be defined as an atomic level piece of information. Examples of data include Employee name, Product name, Name of the student, Marks of the student, Mobile number, Image etc.

What is Information?

In computers, Information is the data that has been converted into more useful or intelligent form. In other words, a set of processed data that have some meaning for a user is referred to as information. In computing models, information is anything that is the result obtained after the completion of a process. It is basically an organized data. It is easy to comprehend. Examples of information are report card of a student, a sells report, etc.

Difference between Data and Information

The following table highlights all the major differences between data and information

 

Data	Information
Data can be understood as a qualitative or quantitative entity that helps in developing ideas or helps arrive at conclusions.	Information is data that has meaning.
Data is the plural of 'datum'.	It refers to the 'act of informing'.
It could be letters, numbers, characters, sentences, and so on.	It can be understood as the act of interpreting data.
It is considered as low-level knowledge.	It is the second level of knowledge.
It depends on the source of data.	It is reliable, and helps in analysis.
It alone doesn't have any significance.	It is significant.
It can't be used in the process of decision-making.	It is used frequently in the process of decision-making.
It can't be relied upon, and hence can't be used for analysis.	It is readily available for use.
It can be based on records and observations	It is based on processes.

 

127. Write difference between IT and ICT.

Answer:  IT: IT stands for Information Technology. It is the use of computers, software, networks and other digital or electronic devices for managing and communicating information.

ICT: ICT stands for Information and Communications Technology. It is a term used to describe the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing and communication. This includes devices, systems, applications, and networks that provide access to information and allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world. ICT covers both internet-enabled and wireless technologies, as well as older ones like landline phones, radio, and TV.